Discrimination And Discrimination Of The United States Essay

For a long time, equality in the United States was just a figment of some hopeful people’s imaginations, and an impractical idea from their reality. There was separation in schools, restaurants, and even workplaces. Along with separation there was racism and discrimination everywhere. Discrimination is â€Å"the act of denying rights, benefits, justice, equitable treatment, or access to facilities available to all others, to an individual or group of people because of their race, age, gender, handicap or other defining characteristic.†(Your Dictionary). President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925 on March 6, 1961, which was the first reference to a term known as â€Å"affirmative action†. This order led to the creation of the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, which requires that any projects that are federally funded must â€Å"take affirmative action† to ensure that their workplaces are free of racial bias in the practices of employme nt and hiring. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, or EEOC, is a branch of federal government that followed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and its main purpose was to construe and impose federal laws that deal with preventing discrimination. â€Å"To achieve these goals, the EEOC holds hearings, administers equal employment opportunity laws for employees of the federal government, issues regulations interpreting the law, and litigates discrimination cases, among other things. The EEOC also accepts charges of discrimination fromShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination In The United States1451 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Current Events: Discrimination in the United States† â€Å"Walmart to ban woman who told customer to go back to Mexico, called another the N-word†(O’Sullivan 1). This is unfortunately the headline of a recent hateful event that happened in Arkansas, United States. A video was posted on Facebook by Eva Hicks. The video showed a white woman (not yet identified) yelling racial slurs at Eva like â€Å"go back to Mexico† and â€Å"we don’t want you here.† Eva was shopping in the medicine aisle at WalmartRead MoreThe Discrimination Of The United States950 Words   |  4 PagesThe example is always black. A statement that pretty much summed up what s wrong with America today. Every time you turn on the news, you see something negative about minorities. The white population commits the same crimes and the minorities, but the minorities are I totally agree with Marc Lamont Hill s views on the racism that still exists in the world. Minorities are unfairly targeted on a regular basis. Whether they are unfairly treated in the workplace,school systems, or by the police departmentRead MoreAppearance Discrimination in the United States875 Words   |  4 PagesDiscrimination based on appearance is a severe inequity and its impact is oft en more invidious than we can presume. Although it is not the most severe form of bias, the costs and disadvantages associated with appearance may necessitate some legal remedy or other societal response. Unfortunately, current legal frameworks are limited in prohibiting appearance discrimination and those established are so often ineffective. Government therefore does not have the means to mandate a change to this injusticeRead MoreRacial Discrimination : The United States1510 Words   |  7 PagesWe have issues: more specifically , the United States has issues, continuous and all-encompassing issues of racial inequality.The United States is experiencing a outburst of racism, as can be seen from the 2014 killings of two unarmed African-American men, to the brutality of white supremacy in Charleston and the string of arsons in black churches across the South. Of course, it’s nothing new for a nation with a long history of extreme racist violence—the most recent lynchi ng-related death occurredRead MoreDiscrimination: Race and United States1987 Words   |  8 Pagesbecause the people living in a nation affect how the nation is influenced and builds its character. Discrimination has been around for too long and needs to be dealt with. This act is not right, God is the only one who should be judging anyone. A different skin tone or race should mean nothing, everyone should be treated equal. African Americans still to this day, receive employment discrimination. More companies prefer to hire White Americans then Black Americans. There are laws against this, butRead MoreRacial Discrimination Of The United States1233 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Racial discrimination is defined as â€Å"when a person is treated less favorably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, color, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status† (Thomas). Racial discrimination in the workplace is a real problem in our world today. Not only is it against the Constitution, but it is morally and ethically wrong. Throughout history, many people have fought for equality among races, and the fact that racism is still an issue inRead MoreImmigrant Discrimination : The United States2286 Words   |  10 PagesImmigrant discrimination is simply put the discrimination by natives against immigrants from other countries. In this article I am also going to go into some depth on discrimination on transplants from other areas (people who have relocated to another area of the country.) Immigrant discrimination is a major issue in the United States. There is a reason the United States is considered the melting pot of the world. There are people from all walks of life in our country. There are approximately fortyRead MoreRacism And Discrimination : The United States1260 Words   |  6 Pageswhen racism and discrimination was an immense element that held people back in society. Race has always been a social construction in the United States, created in the minds of Americans and manifested through interactions but yet remains as a false determination of a human being. When we think back to earlier times many immigrants came over because of the â€Å"American Dream,† an idea that every citizen can have equal opportunities to achieve and live successful lives. The United States was the lighthouseRead MoreRacial Discrimination And The United States Essay2262 Words   |  10 PagesAs one of the most ethnically diverse countries on the planet, the United States faces the unique challenge of allowing a multitude of different races, religions, and cultures to live peacefully and prosper every single day. With a revolutionized idea of human rights spreading like wildfire across the world, individuals and groups are standing up to fight for equality in growing numbers. Racial discrimination and oppression have been the ugly past of our country, but it is now all of our responsibilitiesRead MoreRacial Discrimination : The United States1563 Words   |  7 Pages Racial discrimination has become a hot issue in the United States. Protests against the inequality of the court system and the young liv es of black youths has sparked a racial divide. This problem has been occurring even before the establishment of this century. Racial tensions between blacks and whites goes far back to when slavery was still legal. African men, women, and children arrived to the free lands only to work their way out of slavery early on. Until the slave system became more strict

Police Brutality Is The Primary Goal Of Each Program

There are many different ways one can approach handling police brutality, but with each proposal comes advantages as well as disadvantages. Demilitarization of law enforcement, retraining in police agencies, and clearer oversight on officers are some of the programs that can alleviate violence between police and civilians while also providing a more stable, trusting community. Although value conflicts come into play when assessing police brutality, relieving the distrust amongst communities and diminishing police abuse is the primary goal of each program. One way to limit policy brutality from occurring is to restrict the flow of military equipment to police departments. Many believe that the access police departments have on military guns and personnel carriers creates a militarized culture that promotes violence and unnecessary force. In the past 8 years alone the Defense Department has â€Å"distributed more than $1.5 billion worth of surplus equipment†, which many see as unnecessary. The line between the defense department and local enforcement agencies is blurred where it should not be; confiscating high-caliber weapons, grenade launchers, armed drones, and other military equipment may be the solution to repress police violence. Currently elected officials, such as Obama, support the idea of demilitarizing police departments to a certain extent. They believe weapons used by the police that reflect that of the military is unnecessary, overused, and causes distrust amongShow MoreRelatedThe Black Panther Party Fought For Civil Rights978 Words   |  4 PagesBlack Panther party was initially established to protect the black community from police brutality. The Black Panther Party grew its membership by appealing to the sense of hopelessness in black American people. Although widely known for violence, the Black Panther Party had goals to organize and service the black and oppressed communities. Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale wrote an outline for the BPP, the Ten Point Program, which set the objective for members to follow. The BPP seemed to grow in membershipRead MoreThe Black Panther Party Formed1313 Words   |  6 Pagesinitial onset began back in 1619 when the first of the colonial settlers accepted a number of captured Africans which were to be used as servants leading to the period of slavery which serves as a sore spot in this country s history. One of the primary streams of thought behind this idea of Black Nationalism can be summed up as the hypocrisy felt by African-Americans during the era of slavery as well as after it s end. 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The following is a summery for each of the following topic areas: History and rolls in law enforcement in society, levels of jurisdiction, Distinction among multiple functions of the law enforcement agencies, analysis of historical events that shape modern policing, ethical and professionalRead MoreAnalysis Of Sb 314 : Direct Filing Of Juveniles Essay2004 Words   |  9 PagesSB 314: Direct Filing of Juveniles Overview of the Social Problem You would think that we would want to help protect and serve the youth of our country, but that is not always the case. We are trying more and more youth as adults each day for non-violent crimes when we should be trying to help them rehabilitate. Florida has to be the worst when it comes to youth offenders being tried in adult court and sentenced to prison. â€Å"Today approximately 7,000 youth under the age of 18 are held in adult jailsRead MoreLeadership And Ethics Program At The Jepson School Of The University Of Richmond2113 Words   |  9 PagesThere is an age old question that goes like this: Are individuals made to be a leader or are individuals born to be leaders? JoAnne Ciculla, a professor in leadership and ethics program at the Jepson School of the University of Richmond states the question should not be, what is leadership, but what is good leadership? (Giampetro-Meyer, Brown, Browne, 1998). Ciculla referenced three types of leadership: transformational, transitiona l, and servant leadership. While these are just a few, with leadership

The Return Shadow Souls Chapter 16 Free Essays

Damon clearly decided to throw himself on the mercy of the court, and looked piteous and a little unbalanced, which he could easily do whenever he wanted. â€Å"I really didn’t try to Influence you,† he repeated, but then hastily added, â€Å"Maybe I can just change the subject for a while – tell you more about the star balls.† â€Å"That,† Elena said in her most frosty voice, â€Å"might be a rather good idea. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 16 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † â€Å"Well, the balls make recordings directly from your neurons, you see? Your neurons in your brain. Everything you’ve ever experienced is there in your mind somewhere, and the ball just draws it out.† â€Å"So you can always remember it and watch it over and over like a movie, too?† Elena said, twiddling with her veil to shade her face from him, and thinking that she would give a star ball to Alaric and Meredith before their wedding. â€Å"No,† Damon said, rather grimly. â€Å"Not like that. For one thing, the memory is gone from you – these are kitsune toys we’re talking about, remember? Once the star ball has taken it from your neurons, you don’t remember a thing about the event. Second, the ‘recording’ on the star ball gradually fades – with use, with time, with some other factors nobody understands. But the ball gets cloudier, and the sensations weaker, until finally it’s just an empty crystal sphere.† â€Å"But – that poor man was selling a day of his life. A wonderful day! I should think he would want to keep it.† â€Å"You saw him.† â€Å"Yes.† Once again Elena saw the louse-ridden, haggard, gray-faced old man. She felt something like ice down her spine at the thought that he had once been the laughing, joyous, young John that she had experienced. â€Å"Oh, how sad,† she said, and she wasn’t talking about memory. But, for once, Damon hadn’t followed her thoughts. â€Å"Yes,† he said. â€Å"There are a lot of the poor and the old here. They worked themselves free of slavery, or had a generous owner die†¦and then this is where they end up.† â€Å"But the star balls? Are they just made for poor people? The rich ones can just travel to Earth and see a real summer day for themselves, right?† Damon laughed without much humor. â€Å"Oh, no, they can’t. Most of them are bound here.† He said bound oddly. Elena ventured, â€Å"Too busy to go on vacation?† â€Å"Too busy, too powerful to get through the wards protecting Earth from them, too worried about what their enemies will do while they’re gone, too physically decrepit, too notorious, too dead.† â€Å"Dead?† The horror of the tunnel and the corpse-smelling fog seemed ready to envelope Elena. Damon flashed one of his evil smiles. â€Å"Forgot that your boyfriend is de mortius? Not to mention your honorable master? Most people, when they die, go to another level than this – much higher or much lower. This is the place for the bad ones, but it’s the upper level. Farther down – well, nobody wants to go there.† â€Å"Like Hell?† Elena breathed. â€Å"We’re in Hell?† â€Å"More like Limbo, at least where we are. Then there’s the Other Side.† He nodded toward the horizon where the lowering sun still sat. â€Å"The other city, which may have been where you went on your ‘vacation’ to the afterlife. Here they just call it ‘The Other Side.’ But I can tell you two rumors I heard from my informants. There, they call it the Celestial Court. And there, the sky is crystal blue and the sun is always rising.† â€Å"The Celestial Court†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena forgot that she was speaking aloud. She knew instinctively that it was the queens-and-knights-and-sorceresses kind of court, not a court of law. It would be like Camelot. Just saying the words brought up an aching nostalgia, and – not memories, but the tip-of-the-tongue feeling that memories were locked right behind a door. It was a door, however, that was securely locked, and all Elena could see through the keyhole were ranks of more women like the Guardians, tall, golden-haired, and blue-eyed, and one – child-sized among the grown women – who glanced up, and, piercingly, from a long way off, met Elena’s gaze directly. The litter was moving out of the bazaar into more slums, which Elena took in with darting quick glances on either side of her, hiding in her veil. They seemed like any earthly slums, barrios, or favella – only worse. Children, their hair turned red by the sun, crowded around Elena’s litter, their hands held out in a gesture with universal meaning. Elena felt a tearing at her insides that she had nothing of real value to give them. She wanted to build houses here, make sure these children had food and clean water, and education, and a future to look forward to. Since she had no idea how to give them any of these things, she watched them dash off with treasures such as her Juicy Fruit gum, her comb, her minibrush, her lip gloss, her water bottle, and her earrings. Damon shook his head, but didn’t stop her until she began fumbling with a lapis and diamond pendant Stefan had given her. She was crying as she tried to disengage the clasp when suddenly the last bit of the rope around her wrist came up short. â€Å"No more,† Damon said. â€Å"You don’t understand anything. We haven’t even entered the city proper yet. Why don’t you have a look at the architecture instead of worrying about useless brats who’re likely to die anyway?† â€Å"That’s cold,† Elena said, but she couldn’t think of any way to make him understand, and she was too angry with him to try. Still, she stopped fumbling with the chain and looked beyond the slums as Damon had suggested. There she could see a breathtaking skyline, with buildings that seemed meant to last for eternity, made of stones that looked the way the Egyptian pyramids and Mayan ziggurats must have looked when they were new. Everything, though, was colored red and black by a sun now concealed by sullen crimson cloudbanks. That huge red sun – it gave the air a different look for different moods. At times it seemed almost romantic, glinting on a large river Elena and Damon passed, picking out a thousand tiny wavelets in the slow-moving water. At other times, it simply seemed alien and ominous, showing clearly on the horizon like a monstrous omen, tingeing the buildings, no matter how magnificent, the color of blood. When they turned away from it, as the litter bearers moved down into the city where the huge buildings were, Elena could see their own long and menacing black shadow thrown ahead of th em. â€Å"Well? What do you think?† Damon seemed to be trying to placate her. â€Å"I still think it looks like Hell,† Elena said slowly. â€Å"I’d hate to live here.† â€Å"Ah, but whoever said that we should live here, my Princess of Darkness? We’ll go back home, where the night is velvet black and the moon shines down, making everything silver.† Slowly, Damon traced one finger from her hand, up her arm to her shoulder. It sent an inner shiver through her. She tried holding the veil up as a barrier against him, but it was too transparent. He still flashed that brilliant smile at her, dazzling through the diamond-dotted white – well, shell pink, of course, because of the light – that was on her side of the veil. â€Å"Does this place have a moon?† she asked, trying to distract him. She was afraid – afraid of him – afraid of herself. â€Å"Oh, yes: three or four of them, I think. But they’re very small and of course the sun never goes down, so you can’t see them as well. Not†¦romantic.† He smiled at her, again, slowly this time, and Elena looked away. And in looking, she saw something in front of her that captured her entire attention. In a side street a cart had overturned, spilling large rolls made out of fur and leather. There was a thin, hungry-looking old woman attached to the cart like a beast, who was lying on the ground, and a tall angry man standing over her, raining down blows with a whip on her unprotected body. The woman’s face was turned toward Elena. It was contorted in a grimace of anguish, as she tried ineffectually to roll into a ball, her hands over her stomach. She was naked from the waist up, but as the whip lashed into her flesh, her body from throat to waist was being covered by a coating of blood. Elena felt herself swelling with Wing Powers, but somehow none would come. She willed with all her circulating life-force for something – anything – to break free from her shoulders, but it was no good. Maybe it had something to do with wearing the remains of slave bracelets. Maybe it was Damon, beside her, telling her in a forceful voice not to get involved. To Elena, his words were no more than punctuation to the heartbeat pounding in her ears. She jerked the rope sharply out of his hands, and then scrambled out of the litter. In six or seven leaps she was beside the man with the whip. He was a vampire, his fangs elongated at the sight of the blood before him, but never stopping his frenzied lashing. He was too strong for Elena to handle, but†¦ With one more step Elena was straddling the woman, both her arms flung out in the universal gesture of protection and defiance. Rope dangled from one wrist. The slave owner was not impressed. He was already launching the next whiplash, and it struck Elena across the cheek and simultaneously opened a great gap in her thin summer top, slicing through her camisole and scoring the flesh underneath. As she gasped, the tail of the whip cut through her jeans as if denim were butter. Tears formed involuntarily in Elena’s eyes, but she ignored them. She had managed not to make a sound other than that initial gasp. And she still stood exactly where she had first landed in protection. Elena could feel the wind whip at her tattered blouse, while her untouched veil waved behind her, as if to protect the poor slave who had collapsed against the ruined cart. Elena was still desperately trying to bring out any kind of Wings. She wanted to fight with real weapons, and she had them, but she couldn’t force them to save either her or the poor slave behind her. Even without them Elena knew one thing. That bastard in front of her wasn’t going to touch his slave again, not unless he cut Elena into pieces first. Someone stopped to stare, and someone else came out of a shop, running. When the children who’d been trailing her litter surrounded her, wailing, a crowd of sorts gathered. Apparently it was one thing to see a merchant beating his worn-out drab – the people around here must have seen that almost daily. But to see this beautiful new girl having her clothes slashed away, this girl with hair like golden silk under a veil of gold and white, and eyes that perhaps reminded some of them of a barely remembered blue sky – that was quite another thing. Moreover, the new girl was obviously a fresh barbarian slave who had clearly humiliated her master by tearing the lead ropes from his hands and was standing now with her sanctity veil made into a mockery. Terrific street theater. And even given all of that, the slave owner was preparing for another stroke, raising his arm high and preparing to put his back into it. A few people in the crowd gasped; others were muttering indignantly. Elena’s new sense of hearing, turned up high, could catch their whispering. A girl like this wasn’t meant for the slums at all; she must have been destined for the heart of the city. Her aura alone was enough to show that. In fact, with that golden hair and those vivid blue eyes, she might even be a Guardian from the Other Side. Who knew – ? The lash that was raised never descended. Before it could, there was a flash of black lightning – pure Power – that sent half the crowd scattering. A vampire, young in appearance and dressed in the clothing of the upper world, Earth, had made his way to stand between the golden girl and the slave owner – or rather to loom over the now cringing slave owner. The few in the crowd not stirred by the girl immediately felt their hearts pulse at the sight of him. He was the girl’s owner, surely, and now he would see to the situation. At that instant, Bonnie and Meredith arrived on the scene. They were reclining on their litter, decorously draped in their veils, Meredith in starry midnight blue and Bonnie in soft pale green. They could have been an illustration for The Arabian Nights. But the moment they saw Damon and Elena, they most indecorously jumped off the litter. By now the crowd was so thick that working their way to the front required using elbows and knees, but in only seconds they were at Elena’s side, hands defiantly unbound or trailing rope that hung defiantly free, veils floating in the wind. When they did arrive beside Elena, Meredith gasped. Bonnie’s eyes opened wide and stayed that way. Elena understood what they were seeing. Blood was flowing freely from the cut across her cheekbone and her blouse kept opening in the wind to reveal her torn and bloody camisole. One leg of her jeans was rapidly turning red. But, drawn up into the protection of her shadow, was a far more pitiful figure. And as Meredith raised Elena’s diaphanous veil to help keep her blouse closed and once more enshroud her in decency, the woman herself raised her head, to look at the three girls with the eyes of a dumb and hunted animal. Behind them, Damon said softly, â€Å"I shall quite enjoy this,† as he lifted the heavy man into the air with one hand and then struck his throat like a cobra. There was a hideous scream, which went on and on. No one tried to interfere, and no one tried to cheer the slave owner on to make a fight. Elena, scanning the faces of the crowd, realized why. She and her friends had become used to Damon – or as used as you could become to his half-tamed air of ferocity. But these people were getting their first look at the young man dressed all in black, of medium height and slim build, who made up for his lack of bulging muscle with a supple and deadly grace. This was enhanced by the gift of somehow dominating all the space around him, so that he effortlessly became the focal point of any picture – the way a black panther might become the focal point if it were walking lazily down a crowded city street. Even here, where menace and an aspect of outright evil were commonplace, this young man exuded a quality of danger that made people want to stay out of his line of sight, much less his way. Meanwhile Elena and both Meredith and Bonnie were looking around for some sort of medical assistance, or even for something clean that would staunch wounds. After about a minute, they realized that it wasn’t just going to appear, so Elena appealed to the crowd. â€Å"Does anyone know a doctor? A healer?† she shouted. The audience merely watched her. They seemed loath to get involved with a girl who had obviously defied the black-clad demon now wringing the slave owner’s neck. â€Å"So you all think it’s just fine,† Elena shouted, hearing the loss of control, the disgust and fury in her own voice, â€Å"for a bastard like that to be whipping a starving pregnant woman?† There were a few downcast eyes, a few scattered replies on the theme of â€Å"He was her master, wasn’t he?† But one youngish man who had been leaning against a stopped wagon, straightened up. â€Å"Pregnant?† he repeated. â€Å"She doesn’t look pregnant!† â€Å"She is!† â€Å"Well,† the young man said slowly, â€Å"if that’s true, he’s only harming his own merchandise.† He glanced nervously over to where Damon was now standing above the deceased slave owner, whose face was cast into a ghastly death grimace of agony. This still left Elena with no help for a woman she was afraid was about to die. â€Å"Doesn’t anyone know where I can find a doctor?† There were now mutterings in various tones from the crowd members. â€Å"We might get further on if we could offer them some money,† Meredith was saying. Elena immediately reached for her pendant, but Meredith was quicker, unfastening a fancy amethyst necklace from around her neck and holding it up. â€Å"This goes to whoever shows us a good doctor first.† There was a pause while everyone seemed to be assessing the reward and the risk. â€Å"Don’t you have any star balls?† a wheezing voice asked, but a high, light voice cried, â€Å"That’s good enough for me!† A child – yes, a genuine street urchin – darted to the front of the crowd, grabbed Elena’s hand and pointed, saying, â€Å"Dr. Meggar, right up the street. It’s only a couple of blocks; we can walk it.† The child was wrapped in a tattered old dress, but that might only be to keep warm, because he or she was also wearing a pair of trousers. Elena couldn’t even figure out whether it was a boy or a girl until the child gave her an unexpectedly sweet smile and whispered, â€Å"I’m Lakshmi.† â€Å"I’m Elena,† Elena said. â€Å"Better hurry, Elena,† Lakshmi said. â€Å"Guardians will get here soon.† Meredith and Bonnie had gotten the dazed slave woman to her feet, but she seemed to be in too much pain to understand if they meant to help her or kill her. Elena remembered how the woman had huddled in the shadow of Elena’s own body. She put a hand on the woman’s bloody arm and said quietly, â€Å"You’re safe now. You’re going to be fine. That man – your†¦your master – is dead and I promise that nobody will hurt you again. I swear it.† The woman stared at her in disbelief, as if what Elena was saying was impossible. As if living without being beaten constantly – even with all the blood Elena could see old scars, some of them like cords, on the woman’s skin – was something too far from reality to imagine. â€Å"I swear it,† Elena said again, not smiling, but grimly. She understood that this was a burden she was taking on for life. It’s all right, she thought, and realized that for some time now she had been sending her thoughts to Damon. I know what I’m doing. I’m ready to be responsible for this. Are you sure? Damon’s voice came to her, as uncertain as she’d ever heard him. Because I’m sure as hell not going to take care of some old hag when you get tired of her. I’m not even sure I’m ready to deal with whatever it’s going to cost me for killing that bastard with the whip. Elena turned to look at him. He was serious. Well, then why did you kill him? she challenged. Are you joking? Damon gave her a shock with the vehemence and venom of his thought. He hurt you. I should have killed him more slowly, he added, ignoring one of the litter bearers who was kneeling beside him, undoubtedly asking what to do next. Damon’s eyes, however, were on Elena’s face, on the blood still flowing from her cut. Il figlio de cafone, Damon thought, his lips drawing back from his teeth as he looked down on the corpse, so that even the litter bearer scurried away on hands and knees. â€Å"Damon, don’t let him leave! Bring them all over here right now – † Elena began, and then, as there was a sort of universal gasp around her, she continued nonverbally, Don’t let the litter bearers leave. We need a litter to carry this poor woman to the doctor. And why is everyone staring at me? Because you’re a slave, and you’ve just done things no slave should do and now you’re giving me, your master, orders. Damon’s telepathic voice was grim. It’s not an order. It’s a – look, any gentleman would help a lady in distress, right? Well, there are four of us over here and one is more distressed than you want to look at. No, three are. I think I’m going to need some stitches, and Bonnie is about to collapse. Elena was striking methodically at weak points, and knew that Damon knew she was doing it. But he ordered one of the sets of litter bearers to come and pick up the slave woman and the other to take his girls. Elena stuck with the woman and ended up in a litter with the curtains all closed around it. The smell of blood was a copper taste in her mouth, making her want to cry. Even she didn’t want to look closely at the slave woman’s injuries, but blood was running onto the litter. She found herself taking off her blouse and camisole and putting back only the blouse so that she could use the camisole to hold to a great diagonal slash across the woman’s chest. Every time the woman raised dark brown, frightened eyes to her, Elena tried to smile at her encouragingly. They were down deep somewhere in the trenches of communication, where a look and a touch meant more than words. Don’t die, Elena was thinking. Don’t die, just as you have something to live for. Live for your freedom, and for your baby. And maybe some of what she was thinking got through to the woman, because she relaxed against the litter cushions, holding on to Elena’s hand. How to cite The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 16, Essay examples

Healthcare Leadership and Management

Questions: 1.Provide an overview of the concept of Leadership and Management in the context of health service organisations. 2. Provide a definition of healthcare leadership. Compare and contrast this discussion with and critically evaluate Kotter view in the context of health service organisations.3. Provide a definition of healthcare management. Compare and contrast this discussion with and critically evaluate Kotter view in the context of health service organisations. 4. Discuss on contemporary perspectives on leadership and management, leadership and management theories and practice in the context of health service organisations. Compare and contrast this discussion with and critically evaluate Kotter view in the context of health service organisations. Answers: Introduction Leadership and management assume a focal part in medicinal services, particularly concerning change developments, sorts of administrations gave, nature of administrations and asset utilize. There is no general formula for fruitful management and initiative, relevant elements like political framework and financial elements have a noteworthy influence in the results (Grandy Holton, 2013). Close by management, leadership is likely a standout amongst the most bantered about ideas in connection to an association's execution. Despite the fact that it appears a clear and straightforward idea it is very difficult to state exactly what it alludes to, that is the reason, for example, management, there is a plenitude of definitions with respect to authority (Gopee Galloway, 2013). Health services are turning into an inexorably troublesome and changing environment for experts to explore. The social insurance leader of today and the future should know how to complete things while adjusting to another dynamic healing facility plan of action (Barr Dowding, 2015). It totally interfaces with Kotter's view on initiative (1995). Kotter found that "great" or "powerful" initiative and along these lines, fruitful transformational change includes a formative interface amongst authority and the association. A medicinal services management position is one in which the candidate is utilized by a human services association or by an association whose intention is to influence the development, advancement or operations of a social insurance association (Nelson Sen, 2014). Kotter has a similar conclusion, expressing that the major motivation behind management is to keep the present framework working and to create valuable change. Perspectives on Leadership and Management Presumably, a standout amongst the most referred to conclusion in regards to the two ideas is Warren Bennis' brief articulation: "Chiefs are individuals who do things right and pioneers are individuals who make the best choice" (Bennis and Nanus, 1985). He clarifies this as taken after there is a significant contrast amongst management and initiative, and both are essential. To oversee intends to realize, to fulfill, to have charge of or duty regarding, and to lead. Leading is affecting, controlling in a heading, course, activity, and feeling. The refinement is pivotal. The distinction might be condensed as exercises of vision and judgment versus exercises of acing schedules. On a similar side, Murray (2016) feels that pioneers oversee and directors lead, however the two exercises are not synonymous. Management capacities can conceivably give authority; initiative exercises can add to overseeing however overall, a few directors do not lead, and a few pioneers do not oversee. Administrators grasp prepare, look for strength and control, and intuitively attempt to determine issues rapidly in some cases before they completely comprehend an issue's hugeness. Leaders, interestingly, endure disorder and absence of structure and will postpone conclusion with a specific end goal to comprehend the issues all the more completely along these lines. Because of its wide nature, administration and management are now and then utilized as compatible, in spite of the fact that there are contrasts between the two. These distinctions emerge from criteria like: authenticity - for chiefs this for the most part originates from their outcomes or based upon an agreement which stipulates plainly their assignments while pioneers have a more wide and vague authenticity base; position in the association - more often than not supervisors can be seen both on center level positions while pioneers can be discovered for the most part at the highest point of the hierarchy control - administrators draw their energy chiefly from their formal position and directions while pioneers impact the general population through more casual techniques; Sort of activity - supervisors can be successful regardless of the possibility that there is no change included (keeping up the norm) while pioneers are generally connected with change (transformational administration). Creators have proposed a qualification between chiefs who depend more on their formal position and pioneers who depend more on their own capacities (Kotter, 1985). Along these lines, chiefs are utilizing things like arranging, planning, sorting out or controlling as devices or intend to achieve closes, while pioneers depend on vision, coalition building, motivation, emotions, considering. Starting here of view directors can be just supervisors or they can be administrators and leaders. Responsibilities of a Manager in Healthcare Sector Healthcare managers or administrators take care of the operations of different medical facilities in the industry and they have different responsibilities to manage (Yoder-Wise, 2014): The type and scope of administrations to be conveyed is for the manager to keep in check, as said by Kotter that a leader must enable action. Resources (staff , spending plans, medications and supplies, hardware, structures and other framework and data) accessible for utilization are for the managers to manage because Kotter believes that an efficient leader must create a sense of urgency and opportunity for his team members to strive on; As Kotter says about coalition building, a manager must identify the people, including patients, accomplices, providers and staff that are essential for conveying utilitarian quality administrations Responsibilities of a Leader in healthcare Sector A leader has the responsibility to make sure all the aspects of his organization perform well and deficiently (Poksinska, Swartling Drotz, 2013). In that process, they have the following activities to perform: A leader must show others how its done, as Kotter says about building and guiding a team As stated by Kotter, assembling a strong team to do the job is what every efficient leader must do Supporting participation among team members is what a leader must do, according to Kotter A leader must have a similar outlook as a Teacher It is important for a leader to be accountable and take things into his own hands It is the responsibility of a leader to challenge conventional thinking and bring in change for the organization, says Kotter According to Kotter, a leader must know how to take action and remove barriers for his team Competencies for Leaders Specialized skill wins the regard of supporters. It incorporates information about the association, its procedure, structure and procedures; learning about human services administrations, medications and innovations; and information about the association's surroundings. Theoretical aptitudes imply having a comprehension of the intricate situations of associations (both inward and outer) to be capable understand circumstances as opposed to regard them too complex to possibly be understood or oversaw. The capacity to break down, arrangement and settle on choices is fundamental to hierarchical working, so leaders who have applied aptitudes will build the certainty of adherents inside the association, and Kotter puts forward similar views. Interpersonal aptitudes are key: understanding the requirements and sentiments of devotees, observing the impacts of possess practices and monitoring enthusiastic responses to others are fundamental (Mosser Begun, 2014). Competencies for managers It is in the hands of the management to ensure employee satisfaction and make sure the employee turnover is reduced. To become a successful and effective manager, in similarity with Kotters requirement for organizational change and development, the following competencies have to be present: Capable relational abilities: Managers who are capable communicators listen with full consideration regarding representatives concerns, adjust their correspondence in view of every worker's identity style, and oversee strife in a way that all gatherings encounter an agreeable result. Comprehend multigenerational workforce patterns: Baby Boomers, who once commanded the workforce, now are starting to resign. The most youthful representatives, the Millennials, soon will be the biggest associate in the workforce and have altogether different work styles than past eras. Compelling supervisors comprehend the necessities of the distinctive eras and adjust in like manner. Give high-affect execution criticism: To help representatives to create to their maximum capacity, viable chiefs know how to give visit positive and useful input in a way that spurs both failing to meet expectations and high-performing workers. Concentrate on representatives' vocation advancement needs: A key reason high-performing workers remain at their employments is because they have the chance to learn and develop. Powerful directors create profession improvement arranges with their representatives and follow up to guarantee the arrangements are executed. Boost the authority qualities: A qualities based management style guarantees that administrators know about their own particular qualities and connect with representatives and the initiative group in a way that exploits their own qualities. Compelling chiefs are likewise mindful of their workers' qualities and deliberately make advancement openings that boost representatives' qualities. Advocate authoritative changes essential for creating and keeping top ability: Organizations regularly need to make adjustments in their structure and strategies to create and keep a high-accomplishing workforce. Compelling chiefs are gifted at helping senior management comprehends the need to roll out improvements that fulfill worker needs and make a flourishing association (Liang et al., 2013). Abilities Required Creating Personal and Team Culture and Capability In healthcare setting different leadership and management approaches are adapted to build a proper team and balance a team culture. For that, a team leader or manager has to take certain steps to ensure the team has a better productivity and improved capability. In harmony with Kotters views, and efficient team leader must be capable of: Identifying capacity crevices and advancing the official group to address them Expanding the management group by making new official parts with a more extensive arrangement of experience and points of view, including more clinicians and administrators bringing new utilitarian skill Updating the desires for and duties of conventional healing center pioneers to reflect changing hierarchical needs Experimenting with various hierarchical ways to deal with fortify joint effort, enhance operational proficiency and advance institutionalization Establishing systems to advance clinician engagement in quality, productivity and development activities Evaluating the comp (Kotecha et al., 2015) Motivation and Influencing Skills As Kotter says, an effective team is built when the team leader or the management approaches the team with the aim of motivating or influencing them in a positive way. To reduce employee turnover and improve employee satisfaction a manager must: Perceive a Job Well Done - Employees get a kick out of the chance to be perceived, and human services workers are no special case. Go out of Employees' Way - Make it simple for workers to carry out their occupations by minimizing boundaries and obstructions. Think about Taking as a Surveyand Acting on Its Results Oversee Motivation Over the Long Term Esteem representatives as individuals, not simply specialists (Borkowski, 2015) Developing and Strengthening Abilities While chalking out the change process for organizations and the roles of managers and leaders in that, Kotter has mentioned certain skills that are a necessity to bring in the change: Interpersonal skillsThe first most imperative sort of aptitudes that employment may require is called "interpersonal", full of feeling, passionate expertise that permit working with other individuals. This sort of expertise is made out of three classes of abilities, including: Leadership aptitudes: The capacity to move and inspire others, to "offer" them thoughts, to arrange and advance joint ventures Relationship aptitudes: Ability to act naturally cognizant, to precisely survey themselves, have a comprehension for others, encourage correspondence, joint effort and working with groups. Aiding and assigning: Ability to build up and advance relations, helping other people to get the chance to develop, capacity to lead gatherings and educate others. Data management: The other principle kind of abilities that occupation may require is data management and these perceptual aptitudes empowers us to gather, sort out and decipher data. In addition, this kind of ability is made out of three classifications of aptitudes, including: Inventiveness change/management: Ability to adjust to change, "managing" with the new circumstance, to characterize methodologies and arrangements Data assembling: The capacity of comprehension and attention to hierarchical occasions, listening with a receptive outlook, and comprehension the wellsprings of acquiring and data trade. Data investigation: Ability to acclimatize data from different sources, finding their importance and elucidation of particular (specialized) data with the end goal of correspondence and general utilize (Trastek, Hamilton, Niles, 2014). Logical aptitudes: The third fundamental kind of abilities are explanatory skillsthe abilities of learning/feeling that empower the utilization and absorption of new information and use for arranging purposes or for making an arrangement of arranging. Likewise, the gathering of systematic aptitude is made out of three classifications of abilities, including: Arranging: The capacity of seeing things from a more extensive viewpoint, conceptualizing, set hypothesis, foreseeing the future and growing long haul arranges. Quantitative information examination: Ability to utilize expository devices/systems from practical orders (fund, promoting, operations management), measurements and PCs to dissect information Innovation management: Ability to utilize, keep up or make new innovation, gear or procedures, whether on PCs, data/control frameworks, or modern hardware, learning and comprehension of current mechanical patterns. Activity aptitudes: The fourth and last kind of abilities that employment may require is called "activity abilities" aptitudes arranged on conduct that empowers the arranging, coordinating and executing activities. In addition, this sort of abilities is made out of three classes of aptitudes: Objective setting: Ability to distinguish objectives and measures, the circulation of work force and assets, and to assess execution Move making aptitudes: The capacity to devote the accomplishment of the destinations, work in states of constrained assets, regard of due dates, directing the others and productivity Entrepreneurial aptitudes: Ability to step up, look for and utilize openings, dangers, basic leadership in unverifiable conditions, and permit things to "happen (Fernandez et al., 2015) Conclusion Distinctive administrative positions with going with capacities require diverse blends of aptitudes. As Kotter believes, few variables characterize the number, sort and blend of individual aptitudes and abilities required for an individual administrative position, for instance, a specific position requires expository abilities more than interpersonal abilities. With regards to wellbeing supervisor, need variable is the level of an administrative position in the medicinal services association. The following component is the level of medicinal services to which a specific wellbeing establishment has a place. The higher the administrative position, the higher the probability that the occupation will be more mind-boggling and request a higher number of abilities. References Barr, J., Dowding, L. (2015).Leadership in health care. Sage. Bennis, W., Nanus, B. (1985). The strategies for taking charge.Leaders, New York: Harper. Row. Borkowski, N. (2015).Organizational behavior, theory, and design in health care. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Fernandez, C. S., Noble, C. C., Jensen, E., Steffen, D. (2015). Moving the needle: A retrospective pre-and post-analysis of improving perceived abilities across 20 leadership skills.Maternal and child health journal,19(2), 343-352. Gopee, N., Galloway, J. (2013).Leadership and management in healthcare. Sage. Grandy, G., Holton, J. (2013). Leadership development needs assessment in healthcare: a collaborative approach.Leadership Organization Development Journal,34(5), 427-445. Kotecha, J., Brown, J. B., Han, H., Harris, S. B., Green, M., Russell, G., ... Reichert, S. M. (2015). Influence of a quality improvement learning collaborative program on team functioning in primary healthcare.Families, Systems, Health,33(3), 222. Kotter, J. P. (1995). Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail. Liang, Z., Leggat, S. G., Howard, P. F., Koh, L. (2013). What makes a hospital manager competent at the middle and senior levels?.Australian Health Review,37(5), 566-573. Mosser, G., Begun, J. W. (2014).Understanding teamwork in health care. McGraw-Hill. Nelson, M. L., Sen, R. (2014). Business rules management in healthcare: A lifecycle approach.Decision Support Systems,57, 387-394. Poksinska, B., Swartling, D., Drotz, E. (2013). The daily work of Lean leaderslessons from manufacturing and healthcare.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,24(7-8), 886-898. Trastek, V. F., Hamilton, N. W., Niles, E. E. (2014, March). Leadership models in health carea case for servant leadership. InMayo Clinic Proceedings(Vol. 89, No. 3, pp. 374-381). Elsevier. Yoder-Wise, P. S. (2014).Leading and managing in nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Bibliography Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013).Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Sonnino, R. E. (2013). Professional development and leadership training opportunities for healthcare professionals.The American Journal of Surgery,206(5), 727-731.

Lord of the Flies Ralph Essay Example

Lord of the Flies: Ralph Paper The very first time Ralph is Introduced to the reader, one can see his sense of observation even In the first sentence that he says, This Is an Island, at least I think Its an Island. Thats a reef out in the sea. Perhaps there arent any grownups anywhere. As everyone knows, a good sense of observation is essential for a leader. Chosen as a leader shows the naturally set in civilized instinct within humans. Ralph represents order and discipline in this chaotic world without grownups, which is displayed by his character and composure during the first meeting. His speech shows his maturity level, which outdo all but perhaps Piggys. He almost defines himself with his first speech: Listen everybody. Ive got to have time to think things out. I cant decide what to do straight off. If this isnt an island, we might be rescued straight away. So weve got to decide if this is an island or not. Everybody must stay around here and wait and not go away. Three of us-if we take more, wed get all mixed, and lose each other-three of us will go on an expedition and find out. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies: Ralph specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies: Ralph specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies: Ralph specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ill go, and Jack, and, and. (23-24). Ralph wastes no time in bringing order to the group. He demonstrates intelligence and self-control by not Jumping Into conclusions and by mating Time to think things out That displays to the reader his cautiousness in making decisions. Surely the other boys recognized this also, for he had earned the title, chief. Another instance where Ralph shows his ability to reason is when he observed that If faces were different when lit from above or below, then what is a face. (78). For a twelve year old boy, that is complex logical thinking, and for him to think that way, one can assume that Ralph Is indeed intellectual. Ralph clearly demonstrates the need for collocation and order by the tasks that he Instructs to be done. To Illustrate, the first task he asks to be done Is starting a fire. He reasoned that making a fire would help a passing ship locate them. One can see through this and know that unlike the other boys who are concern with playing, having fun, and avoiding work. Ralph main goal is getting rescued. Everything he wants done is for there benefit, to either live on the island safely, as shown by the shelters, and or get rescued. During the assembly In chapter 5, Ralph tells the group his frustration that things are not getting done. From the way the other boys act, he Implies that he Is the only one who wants to get rescued. He states that the boys arent even disciplined enough to ease themselves in the designated area. Thats dirty! He says several times about that issue. This point gives us a little insight into the way Rallys mind works. He is disgusted by the little ones are taken short everywhere they want to, and though the author does not state this, one can think that the older boys did the same and didnt think much of It. Ralph wants to grasp what he can of the passing cleavage nature AT man. Something else Ralph says Tanat lets us see Into Nils nature Is when he says, Dont you understand? Cant you see we ought to-ought to die before e let the fire out. Here, he explains his great frustration of the distorted mindset of the other boys. He Just cant understand how the fire is the last thing on their minds. In order to make sure that the fire stays on, he makes a rule that fire is to be lit on the mountain only, and if anyone wants to cook something, it should be done on the mountain. It can be assumed thats the way he reasoned so that the fire would definitely stay on. Again, Ralph displays his keen intelligence and amazing ability to reason. One cannot correctly analyze Ralph without also looking at the way he analyzes himself. Clearly, he does not see himself as others do. Others see him as an intelligent leader, while he sees himself as a poor thinker. In comparing himself to Piggy, he states that Piggy is a better thinker than he is. At the beginning of chapter seven, Ralph finds himself examining his situation: He pulled distastefully at his grey shirt and wondered whether he might undertake the adventure of washing it He would like to have a pair of scissors and cut this hair-he flung the mass back- cut this filthy hair right back to half an inch. He would like to have a bath, a proper wallow with soap. He passed his tongue experimentally over his teeth and decided that a toothbrush would come in handy too. Then there were his nails- (109). Through Rallys self-examination of himself, one notices that hes not particularly a dirty person, in fact, one can go far enough to say that he certainly dislikes being dirty. He is not at all like his mates who long to wallow in mud; instead he would rather wallow in soap. After he sees how deep in the recognizable pit he is in, he makes an astounding statement, Be sucking my thumb next. (10 9). Ralph knew that there was something wrong with the situation that he was in. He discovered with a little fall of heart that these were the conditions he took as normal now and that he did not mind. (110). He yearned for more than this remorseful life of his, this pathetic place he called home. He longed for his mother to tuck him in at night with a kiss goodnight and hear her sweet, soothing voice tell him that everything would be okay. He craved the rough, yet tender hug of his father in the comforts of his home. Surely, he must think that any life is better than the one he has right now, but he settled for those gentle words from Simon, manfully get back to where you came from. The question now is, was Ralph a bossy, self-centered fellow who was at times overbearing, or merely a firm instructor pointing the way towards life. Though Ralph was not a perfect leader, for no one is perfect, he certainly was a great one. He was a rightly respected young man of courage who never was persuaded in his pursuit for what is right, more than Just the round or dynamic character that Gilding was trying to portray him as. As the novel progressed through its climax and then its ending, we find that Ralph has lost most, if not all of his power as the leader. He is merely a awn in this twisted corrupt game that Jack conceived; but here is when his true brilliance shined. For even in defeat, Ralph did not give up. He did not cower as the other boys did, which must have tormented Jack. Beneath the surface the traditional novel that it is, Lord of the Flies makes one question themselves. If we were in the same situation as those British boys, what would we have done? Who would we have been? If we are to ever come across such a situation, then we would realize the savageness within one mans heart and the great hero Ralph was for standing up against sun a canalling.

The Best Man essays

The Best Man essays The dialogue in the movie The Best Man was a significant aspect in portraying the films political message. The first thing I noticed in the dialogue was the sick president saying,The rich used to play polo, but now they play politics. This statement not only suggested that politics were changing by the rich getting into politics but the way he used the word play as if politics were a game. The dialogue further more represents this idea when the poor presidential candidate ends one of his speeches with, May the best man win, where the word win suggests a competition or a game. The movies cinematography demonstrates the game being played. Often in the movie the parties were behind closed doors (smoke filled rooms) where the presidential candidate is the player along with the rest of the party. The party works to dig up the dirt they need to use against their opponents to better their position in the game. This part can be known as dirty politics because not everything done behind closed doors is right or even legal. Its this part of the game that the American people never see, but we do see a certain part of the game that is also very important in who wins. This is the part where the player actually makes his move and exposes the dirt. The player also tells the people what he is about and why he should be the champion. The characterization in the movie helped to establish what kind of player the player is. The rich presidential candidate represents a good player who doesnt want to cheat, he represents pure politics. He says he is a self made man with self made issues which means he hasnt had to cheat to get anywhere and the ideas he portrays are his own. The other player, the poor presidential candidate represents dirty politics. Hes the player who cheats to win. He knows ways to get himself out of trouble and better his posit ...

Management Leadership Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management Leadership - Case Study Example 2. The presence of Emaar in the United States having acquired John Laing’s homes in California is an indication of the strength of their brand. It means that since the company has such a huge investment in the biggest economy in the world, then it exhibits an international influence in the industry. Investors will ultimately have higher confidence in the company. In addition, it helps them establish a market niche, which is not only based in the United States but all across the world. When the United States develops policies to protect its businesses within the country and those based abroad, Emaar is included. Thereby the company gets much power and influence as a result of the association with US. 3. Using his power and influence and the contacts created, Alabbar can steer Emaar to greatness. First, he can consider getting into partnership with some of the biggest brands in the market in order to enhance his company’s penetration. Secondly, he can consider diversification to other lucrative sectors such as the energy sector. Thirdly, Alababar can establish collaborations with governments. Finally, he can develop sustainability programs such as the corporate social responsibility policy that helps the community relate with the organization. Implicit leadership theory- this theory helps analyze personal attributes of a leader, which may help understand d why they make the decisions that they make. In addition, the leader’s vision, behavior, skills, and deeds are analyzed. It is apparent that such personal attributes of Ed contribute to the performance in the organization. Leader-member exchange theory- this theory is geared towards analyzing a situation where there are subdivisions within a team. The group members get to separate into different groups just like is the case at Cromwell Electronics. In addition, Ed who is the leader seems to have a special focus on the team that has been in the

Nuremberg Trial Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nuremberg Trial - Movie Review Example The accusations against judges were based upon atrocities and murders of Germans inside Germany. The establishment of an American tribunal for the trail of four German judges was therefore constitutionally and legally unjustifiable. In the existing legal frame work structure, the accusations related to international war crimes are directly treated by International Court of Justice. The International Court of Justice has the international and approved authority, as per the charter of United Nations, duly signed by all the members of General Assembly. As per the charter, the International Court can summon the defendant irrespective of geographical affiliation, but this is possible only when complains are registered. This specific case is relevant to human rights violation, and therefore any country or party can register the case against these judges. The Nazi judges have to defend their judgment and actions in accordance with charter and legislation of the Human Rights Commission (U.S. District Court, 2005). It is important to state that legally no court in specific country can hear the applications in the favour or against the citizens of other country - unless the citizens are travelling abroad and even in that specific case the citizens are provided legal support by Embassy officers of their home-country.

Economics of leisure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics of leisure - Essay Example Readers of this report have different needs and use the results for different purposes. Chapters 2-5 look at the results on the subject: attendance, participation, access to the arts through the media and the Internet, and attitude toward art and culture. Chapter 6 discusses the results by region to provide a regional overview of the commitment to art. Critically assess the economic usefulness of the concepts and definitions of the 'arts' contained in the document. Art can be viewed as functional, i.e., a set of activities or objects that present to perform some common functions. This kind of concept art is better fit in terms of economic activity. Economics assumes that people act on the network. Creative activity is observed, then the number of persons acting in a feature perceived benefits. To understand the benefits is to understand the economics of art (Bunting, 2007, p45). To comprehend those advantages is the understanding of the economics of art. In this document both Modern Visual Art and Modern Literature challenge the intellect and propose an alternative view of the world. Alongside, these two forms of modent art, allow the artists the immense liberty through conceptual phrase to express their reserved emotions and the fundamental desires. Subsequently, contemporary artists remind about subjective and sensory impressions, not the re-creation of objective realism, due to the inconclusive reality. Contemporary Visual Art and Present day literature have quite a bit in common when compared. Both are the most abstract art forms, and both have seen the most backlash, however what is intriguing here is that they both don’t represent reality (Chan, 2006, p133). The contemporary art greatly stresses upon the self and artistic self-expression. Consider the suitability of the 16-fold categorisation of live events used here {it is listed on page 10} for an economic analysis of demand for the arts. Participation in musical events has been fairly widespread . Almost two in five per cent attended live events in the music world over the past 12 months. One of the five percent attended a rock or pop event in the past 12 months. Classical music attended 10% of people in the past year, 6% of them went to the opera or operetta, 6% of jazz, folk and country and western 2%, and music is 2% of the world. Other types of music were seen in 7% of the people. There was an increase in the proportion of people attending live musical event by 36% in 2001 to 39% in 2003. There was also a slight increase between 2001 and 2003 to participate in events or pop-rock music and a slight decrease between 2001 and 2003 events as "other music". Nearly one in eight (12%) saw a dance of some in the past 12 months, 4% had attended modern dance, and 2% of the ballet. Other types of dances mentioned in 7% of people (Chan, 2007c, p23) . There were no differences in the proportion of people who attend these various events to dance in 2001 and 2003, except for a small i ncrease of 3% to 4% of respondents, modern dance. Different forms of assistance were evident for various musical and dance activities included in the study. For example, classical music is characterized by a high level of care, repeat, with one third (33%) of those present were a classical concert of three or more times in the past year, compared with 19% of those attending the opera. More

Porosity Architecture in Public Spaces

Porosity Architecture in Public Spaces Introduction The connection between the built and the unbuilt / between the â€Å"indoor† and the â€Å"outdoor†/ between the mass and the void is a very sensitive and debatable topic. The experience of a space can be severely affected by the ways its edges are treated, i.e. by controlling how a person enters/exits the space. Transitional experience plays a vital role in overall feel and experience of spaces. Different types of spaces require different types of treatments on their edge conditions. A city needs to be imagined as a space occupied by diverse sets of people with diverse needs and aspirations. The quality of a city has to be judged by what it offers to its residents the right to live, move around and work with dignity and safety. Porosity is one of the many guiding factors in designing a space, specially public places, which are the key strategic spaces in providing the area/city its character. Not only does careful design of such spaces increase the aesthetic quality of the place, but also plays a major role in increasing the standards of functionality, safety, quality and many such factors under which a city can be categorised. Porosity, is one spatial quality that can definitely benefit the public spaces, specially in places like Delhi, where the individual is getting isolated from the community in his efforts to cope up with the pace of life that the city has to offer. Also, with the increasing gap between the two extreme income groups of the city, the spaces, which are meant to be ‘public’, cater only to a certain section of the society, neglecting those which fail to fulfil the ‘entrant requirements’ . Apart from giving spaces back to all the sections of the society, increasing porosity in community spaces can also act as a measure against increasing crime rates in the city, as it opens up the space to a larger section of the society. Topic: Porosity in public spaces Research Question: How can porosity in public spaces be increased to enhance their utility for the society in general ? Public Spaces Public spaces are an inevitable component of human settlements. Parks, plazas, roads, beaches, etc are typically considered public spaces. They are the common ground for people to interact with others, share knowledge or goods, or carry out their daily rituals, be it daily routine or occasional festivities. By definition, they are spaces that should be accessible to all the members of the society, irrespective of their economic strength. It was stated that: Regarding the criterion of access, public space is a place which is open to all. This means its resources, the activities that take place in it, and information about it are available to everybody. Concerning the criterion of agency, public space is a place controlled by public actors (i.e., agents or agencies that act on behalf of a community, city, commonwealth or state) and used by the public (i.e., the people in general). As for interest, public space is a place which serves the public interest (i.e., its benefits are controlled and received by all members of the society) (Akkar, Z 2005).   Ã‚   Of course, these definitions refer to an ideal public space, while the urban atmosphere is not entirely composed of rigidly public and private spaces; instead, it is an amalgamation of public and private spaces with different degrees of publicness. Accepting that the relation between public and private space is a continuum, it is possible to define public spaces as having various degrees of publicness. Regarding the dimensions of access, actor and interest, the extent of publicness will depend on three categories: the degree to which the public space and its resources, as well as the activities occurring in it and information about it, are available to all; the degree to which it is managed and controlled by public actors and used by the public; and the degree to which it serves the public interest. Life in public spaces, not only has a function in the society as a whole, but it is also a rich source of individual amusement, pleasure and play. One criticism of the prevailing socio-functional approach towards urban public space can be that the individuals perspective is often disregarded. To what extent do city dwellers like to meet other urbanites in public places? Hardly any planner, architect or urban administrator seems to be interested in that question. Planners and city councils are eager to speak about public spaces as meeting places. They find it an attractive idea to conceive of public spaces as a unifying element where all sectors of the urban population meet. With the help of that image they can present their cities as communities, despite all the contrasts and differences. Most social scientists dealing with urban public space also tend to regard processes that take place in the public realm as a contribution to the social organization, as a fulfilment of societal nee ds. This top-down-view, however, neglects the daily users perspective. Do city dwellers wish to get together with all their co-urbanites? Everybody who has ever been in a city knows the answer: no, certainly not with everyone. On the other hand, it cannot be denied that at least some individuals derive great pleasure from being in public. Whether a space will function well depends on a range of aspects that include scale, use, safety and comfort, density and links. In many cases it is the individuals experience of walking or dancing down a street, and the quality of environment, that is the most important element. Design then becomes about maximizing choice and trying to provide for different individuals goals. Mitchell, D (1995) adds another dimension to public space by putting forward the point that public spaces are also, and very importantly, spaces for representation. That is, public space is a place within which a political movement can stake out the space that allows it to be seen. In public space, political organizations can represent themselves to a larger population. By claiming space in public, by creating public spaces, social groups themselves become public. Only in public spaces can the homeless, for example, represent themselves as a legitimate part of the public† Public sphere is best imag- ined as the suite of institutions and activities that mediate the relations between society and the state (Howell 1993). Problems with public spaces Despite the resurgence of interest in public spaces, urban design and planning litera- ture has frequently hinted at the diminishing publicness of public spaces in modern cities. Some researchers have pointed out the threat of recent privatization policies, and claimed that public spaces, traditionally open to all segments of the population, are increasingly being developed and managed by private agencies to produce profit for the private sector and serve the interests of particular sections of the population (Punter, J 1990). Others have commented on the high degree of control now maintained over access and use of public spaces through surveillance cameras and other measures intended to improve their security (Reeve, A 1996). Still others have argued that contemporary public spaces increasingly serve a homogenous public and promote social filtering. These open-access public spaces are precious because they enable city residents to move about and engage in recreation and face-to-face communication. But, because an open-access space is one everyone can enter, public spaces are classic sites for tragedy, to invoke Garrett Hardins famous metaphor for a commons (H, Garrrett 1968, cited Ellickson, R 1996) A space that all can enter, however, is a space that each is tempted to abuse. Societies therefore impose rules-of-the-road for public spaces. While these rules are increasingly articulated in legal codes, most begin as informal norms of public etiquette (Taylor, R 1984, cited Ellickson, R 1996). Rules of proper street behaviour are not an impediment to freedom, but a foundation of it (Ellickson, R 1996) Oosterman, J (1992), in his journal Play and Entertainment in Urban Public Space: The Example of the Sidewalk Cafà ©, points out that since 1989, several cities and towns in the Netherlands have invested millions of guilders in the design and redesign of plazas, streets and parks. These designs are also meant to have a social impact. Many discussion sessions are held about the nature of social life in urban public space and its function in the greater urban society. This is the case in debates among policy-makers and planners as well as among social scientists and architects. Although the concepts used in these sessions do not always deserve a prize for clarity, some characteristics appear through the haze: urban public places should be accessible, or even democratic places. Other participants in the discussion about public space do not share this belief in the possibilities of changing urban society by changing its public spaces. Richard Sennett (1990, p.201) for example is rather pessimistic in his latest book The Conscience of the Eye. People no longer seem to be able to cope with the social and cultural differences of the modern city. They maintain their network of personal relations within physically and visibly segregated social worlds: sealed communities as he calls them. According to Sennett, urban public spaces cannot bridge the gap between those worlds, even though they are supposed to do so. Today one cannot open a book about public space design without coming across a picture of either the Piazza San Marco in Venice or the Campo in Siena: two beautifully designed plazas referring to the romantic ideal of free, accessible public space, where everybody meets anybody. Comparing their idealistic model of a real public space with the contemporary city makes authors like Habermas and Sennett rather pessimistic about contemporary urban culture. The citys urban territory is too privatized and inaccessible. This pessimism is not surprising. Over time, the scale of society grew, the mobility of the population increased and new means of communication developed and disseminated among the population. These and other conditions led to different claims on urban public spaces Solutions William H. Whyte argues that cities should exert no controls on undesirables, including beggars and aggressive eccentrics. In his words:The biggest single obstacle to the provision of better spaces is the undesirables problem. They are themselves not too much of a problem. It is the actions taken to combat them that is the problem. The people have the right freely to assemble together, to consult for the common good, to make known their opinions to their representatives and to petition for redress of grievances. In their study with the Jagori, Kalpana Viswanath and Surabhi Tandon Mehrotra concluded that Womens ability and right to access and use public spaces is dependent on the kinds of boundaries imposed upon them due to nature of the space and its usage. Thus having a mixed usage of space is more conducive to free and easy access. Very strict zoning leads to separation of spaces for living, commerce and leisure. This increases the likelihood of some spaces being closed to women and other vulnerable groups such as children. For example in Delhi, we ( Viswanath, K Mehrotra,S) found that vendors selling everyday items make a space safer, whether in the subway, residential areas or bus stops. The local bread and egg seller gave a sense of comfort to women who returned home at night. Similarly vendors provided light and a crowd around bus stops which tend to become increasingly empty and dark as it gets later. But this phenomenon of safety provided by the hawkers is not understood by all govt authorities. Anjaria, J (2006) tells the story of condition of street hawkers in Mumbai. They are frequently described by civic activists, municipal officials and journalists as a nuisance; and are seen to represent the chaos of the citys streets and the cause of the citys notorious congestion. On the other hand, to others they represent an undeserved claim of the poor on the citys public spaces. This despite the fact that even a cursory look at the citys streets and footpaths shows that parked, privately-owned cars are by far the citys greatest encroachers of public space, and the greatest obstruction to the movement of pedestrians. However. to the self-proclaimed defenders of public space, the civic activists and the NGOs bent on removing hawkers from the citys streets, these facts are irrelevant. Neighbourhood by neighbourhood, the citys footpaths must be reconfigured, disorderly footpaths must be made monofunctional. The crime of the hawker is to contradict this dream. And, thus they have become a public nuisance because, by working on the street, they are engaged in an activity that contradicts the supposed universal ideals of the modern public space. The question may be how do we bring the ethos of privatized space that we have become used to together with the return to more democratic values that many people aspire to for the Millennium? Kath Shonfield in her recent contribution to the Demos series on the Richness of Cities (Shonfield, 1998) focuses on public space and what she calls the new urbanity. She promotes the urban right to roam and suggests change to urban policy that would include urban rights to access, extending public access as a principle of new developments, and re visiting the idea of the arcade as an urban design model to be explored. (cited Jon, R 1999) In order to shape the design, size and form of public spaces in town centres, it is necessary to understand their roles and functions. Public spaces in town centres can be classified in two broad categories: links and nodes. Links are roads, pavements or pedestrianized areas which constitute routes allowing movement between land uses and attractions. Nodes are cross roads where a number of links meet in the form of public spaces such as market squares or plazas. There have been different models of gender conscious planning adopted by cities to respond to violence against women and womens fear of violence. The broken windows approach focuses on zero-tolerance to crime, closed circuit televisions (CCTV) and an exclusionary approach to creating safer spaces [Mitchell, D 2003]. This approach criminalises certain kinds of people and behaviour such as gay men. The safer communities model on the other hand, puts forth a vision of making public spaces safer through activities, land use, social mix and involving users in designing strategies and initiatives for safer public spaces. These are seen to be more conducive to building ownership rather than the top-down approach of the broken windows. The safer communities initiatives emphasise activity, land use and social mix (Whitzman, C 2006, cited Viswanath, K and Mehrotra, S 2007) Stavros Stavrides (2007) says: Instead of thinking of social identities as bounded regions one can consider them as interdependent and communicating areas. In an effort to describe urban space as a process rather than a series of physical entities, we can discover practices that oppose a dominant will to fix spatial meanings and uses. These practices mould space and create new spatial articulations since they tend to produce threshold spaces, those in-between areas that relate rather than separate. Urban porosity may be the result of such practices that perforate a secluding perimeter, providing us with an alternative model to the modern city of urban enclaves. A city of thresholds could thus represent the spatiality of a public culture of mutually aware, interdependent and involved identities. Walter Benjamin, in his essay entitled Naples, explored the idea of vitality and variety in the modern city. The porous rocks of Naples offered him an image for a city’s public life: â€Å"As porous as this stone is the architecture. Building and action interpenetrate in the courtyards, arcades and stairways† (Benjamin,W 1985). Porosity seems to describe, in this passage, the way in which urban space is performed in the process of being appropriated (Sennett 1995). It is not that action is contained in space. Rather, a rich network of practices transforms every available space into a potential theater of expressive acts of encounter. A â€Å"passion for improvisation† as Benjamin describes this public behavior, penetrates and articulates urban space, loosening socially programmed correspondences between function and place. Porosity is thus an essential characteristic of space in Naples because life in the city is full of acts that overflow into each other. Defyin g any clear demarcation, spaces are separated and simultaneously connected by porous boundaries, through which everyday life takes form in mutually dependant public performances. Thus, â€Å"just as the living room reappears on the street, with chairs, hearth and altar, so, only much more loudly, the street migrates into the living room† (Benjamin 1985). Porosity characterizes above all the relationship between private and public space, as well as the relationship between indoor and outdoor space. For Benjamin porosity is not limited to spatial experience. Urban life is not only located in spaces that communicate through passages (â€Å"pores†), but life is performed in a tempo that fails to completely separate acts or events. A temporal porosity is experienced while eating in the street, taking a nap in a shady corner, or drinking a quick espresso standing in a Neapolitan cafà ©. It is as if acts are both separated and connected through temporal passages that represe nt the precarious fleeting experience of occasion. Everyday occasions thus seem to shift and rearrange rhythms and itineraries of use (de Certeau 1984). only located in spaces that communicate through passages (â€Å"pores†), but life is performed in a tempo that fails to completely separate acts or events. A temporal porosity is experienced while eating in the street, taking a nap in a shady corner, or drinking a quick espresso. It is as if acts are both separated and connected through temporal passages that represent the precarious fleeting experience of occasion. Everyday occasions thus seem to shift and rearrange rhythms and itineraries of use (de Certeau 1984, cited Stavrides, S 2007) According to Starvides, Porosity may therefore be considered an experience of habitation, which articulates urban life while it also loosens the borders which are erected to preserve a strict spatial and temporal social order. Thresholds, thus play an important role in materialising the play of connection and sepration between spaces. A study of thresholds can help reveal the actual correspondence and interdependence between spatial identities. In post-colonial Asian cities like Hong Kong similar conditions of urban porosity exist. Hong Kongs urban environment is devoid of the cultural conditions that mark the traditional world cities of the West. There are no memorable public spaces, no refined residential fabric, and no exemplary monuments to religion, politics, art, knowledge or culture. â€Å"Urban life in Hong Kong is traditionally linear in form. The roles of parks, piazzas and gardens in Hong Kong take on functions that change with the time of the day. They are by nature multipurpose spaces, festival grounds, concert sites, and improvised sports arenas. While these open spaces are fully utilized in key times, they lack any identity and are usually barren and lifeless when not in use.† (Lu, L 2005)

Tobacco and the College-Bound in the New Millennium :: Essays Papers

Tobacco and the College-Bound in the New Millennium Today’s high school and college age Americans will have to deal with the actions and attitudes of those involved in the current debate over tobacco use in America. As today’s and tomorrow’s smokers and non-smokers, we need to understand that aspects of our future are being decided now. What is at risk? Primarily at risk are two things: first, our health and welfare and that of our friends and loved ones, and second, individual liberty. Risks to Health and Welfare The negative health effects of smoking and other tobacco use are well known and documented by nearly every health-conscious organization in the United States. Cancer, heart disease, and most major pulmonary diseases top the list of the most painful and deadly reasons to quit and not to start. It’s estimated that more than one in six deaths in the United States is due to cigarettes alone. More than three million people die every year worldwide from smoking related diseases (Pringle, 44). Besides the mortality statistics are the millions of additional colds, canker sores, cases of chronic bronchitis and incredibly bad breath. Tobacco use is also incredibly financially taxing. Smoking just half a pack a day will cost over five hundred dollars a year if the smoker uses one of the most popular brands, and most young smokers do. Add to that national annual health care costs and lost work revenues totaling seventy billion dollars ($70,000,000,000), and damages from the 38% of accidental fires attributed to cigarettes, and the life-long cost of smoking is easily in the hundreds of thousands of dollars per American smoker (Pringle, 44). Besides the problems smokers cause for themselves, there are others to consider. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), otherwise known as second-hand smoke, is not a significant risk for someone who is only exposed to a couple of hours a week in a neighborhood restaurant. It is, however, dangerous to family and friends who may allow themselves to be exposed for many hours a day so as not to inconvenience a smoker.